http://denbridgepress.com/lpi.php Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations deals with language and the foundations of its study, a subject which is basic to contemporary linguistics and philosophy and which is rapidly becoming indispensable to an increasing number of other disciplines. The journal appears at a time when there is increasing awareness among scholars who deal with language that attempts should be made to exchange information relating to their respective domains of investigation. Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations endeavors to publish general or technical contributions which deal with the foundations of language, study the impact of language on various disciplines, or render the result of research in particular areas fruitful for other fields of study. Sun, 21 Oct 2007 00:00:00 GMT en-us Denbridge Press 300 100 142 http://denbridgepress.com/lpi.php http://denbridgepress.com/imaggen2/linguistic100.jpg http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=138Bhuiyan assumes that the money demand function is a function of the contemporaneous values of the ex ante real interest rate, inflationary expectations and income level. Duarte studies the implications of nontraded goods for the nature of relative price differentials across countries under a fixed exchange rate regime, and turns to the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=138http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=137Bhuiyan proposes to incorporate a forward-looking dimension into the monetary policy rule, by adding inflationary expectations as a contemporaneous input, to identify the policy shoch in the structural VAR model. Duarte claims that when prices are preset in the currency of the buyer, unanticipated movements in the nominal exchange rate do not...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=137http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=136Mazumder notes that copyright law is concerned with the negative right of preventing the copying of physical material. Hesmondhalgh examines the implications of digitalization for musical production, distribution and consumption, as a particular and distinct case of the dynamics of digitalization in the cultural industries. Halonen-Akatwijuka...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=136http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=135Herrmann et al. examine the effect of changes in Japanese consolidation policy on financial analysts' perceptions of the persistence of subsidiary earnings. Lehman and Okcabol demonstrate how accounting is implicated in national immigration issues, and illustrate how accounting numbers are used to construct economic arguments for and against...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=135http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=134Fielding and Shields remark that an increase in the share of wholesale and retail firms in total employment is associated with greater sensitivity to monetary policy shocks. Using a structural VAR approach, Sousa and Zaghini find that after a monetary policy shock output declines temporarily, with the downward effect reaching a peak within the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=134http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=133Bils et al. state that models with sticky prices predict that monetary policy changes will affect relative prices and relative quantities in the short run because some prices are more flexible than others. Svensson claims that monetary policy actions in industrialized countries normally affect real activity and inflation with considerable lags....http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=133http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=132Alleyne holds that news media have derived power from their ability to determine the definition of news. Meikle writes that news coverage becomes "conversational", developing a form of ever-unfinished media. Hartley says that television provides a mechanism for communicating across class, gender, ethnic, national, and other boundaries....http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=132http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=131Manovich writes that the numerical coding of media and the modular structure of a media object allow for the automation of many operations involved in media creation, manipulation, and access. Gans claims that it is proper to ask who should be responsible for story selection and production. Platon and Deuze contend that nothing in public...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=131http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=130Knight notes that journalists inhabit a culture of ideas which shape the way they report, select, edit and prioritise news. Meyer maintains that precision journalism employs social science survey methods to gather statistics which could be used as the basis of news stories. Hastings remarks that, in the past, only news "flashes" had...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=130http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=129Liszt's mastery of the Romantic orchestra was entirely beholden to symphonic principles of elaboration (Mann). Palmer highlights the perceptual consequences of music performance, including the successful communication of interpretations, resolution of structural ambiguities, and concordance with listeners' expectations. Friberg and...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=129http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=128Tarasti claims that to write a fugue means the principle of Soi in composition (a strictly coded musical technique). According to Mann, in Wagner's language the orchestral comment became the primary agent in conveying dramatic situations and philosophical concepts. Adorno notes that music resembles language in the sense that it is a temporal...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=128http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=127Zlateva notes that many of the spiritual creations of the Romanian people are inspired by pastoral life (a number of ballads, songs and dances commemorate shepherds and shepherding). Kraft writes that the immediate appeal of village dancing must have had much to do with its being an intensely social experience; inasmuch as Transylvanian village...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=127http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=126Semetsky remarks that, for Deleuze, the states of things are what he called qualitative multiplicities, or relational entities, the analysis of which as a task of philosophy ultimately leads to the invention or construction of concepts anew. Jobst states that Deleuze's philosophy was intended to come into being as a result of relational...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=126http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=125Gilovich and Griffin note that the heuristics and biases message fit well with the pragmatic agenda of much of the field of social psychology. According to Kahneman and Tversky, there are several reasons for studying judgmental or perceptual biases: they are of interest in their own right; they can have practical implications (e.g., to clinical...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=125http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=124Kripke notes that such semantical notions as "grounded", "paradoxical", etc. belong to the metalanguage. Quine remarks that it is obvious that truth in general depends on both language and extralinguistic fact. Russell asserts that in an elementary proposition we can distinguish one or more terms from one or more concepts....http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=124http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=123Substrate is morally irrelevant. We differentiate morally between actual and potential beings: the latter do not exist now and will never exist unless we bring them into existence. It is generally unethical to create a person whose life is expected to be not worth living. A being's moral status is not affected by how it came into existence....http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=123http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=122Barrett writes that quantum mechanics and special relativity are the two cornerstones of modern physics. Balaguer contends that propensities are just physical properties, like temperatures and lengths, and so we can get rid of them. Lewis argues that on a realist construal of quantum mechanics, the quantum state determines the truth-values of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=122http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=121Putnam writes that the claim that all natural languages are inconsistent, because they are "semantically closed", is false in part because only theories (systems of assertions) are inconsistent, and natural languages, e.g. English, are not theories. Russell states that in any proposition which contains no real variables, we may imagine...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=121http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=120Dennett points out that nobody denies that when we engage in mental imagery we seem to be making pictures in our head, and that one can't have infallibility about one's own consciousness, but that one can get close. Dennett distinguishes between the "scientific approach" to mental images and the "phenomenological...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=120http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=119Sartre contends that if the intention is not a thing in consciousness, then the being of the intention can be only consciousness. Deleuze and Guattari note that the two forms of content and expression are in reciprocal presupposition, and they can be abstracted from each other only in a very relative way because they are two sides of a single...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=119http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=118I consider a twist of the Newcomb problem. There are two boxes in front of you and you are asked to choose between taking only box B or taking both box A and box B. Box A contains $ 1,000. Box B will contain either nothing or $ 1,000,000. What B will contain is (or will be) determined by Predictor, who has an excellent track record of predicting...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=118http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=117An analysis of traditional mathematical proof is undertaken, with an implicit contrast to formal derivations. The semantic interpretation of mathematical terms plays a role in the former that doesn't appear in the latter. This semantic interpretation, with an accompanying role for intuition, is explained in terms of inference packages, which...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=117http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=116The manometer example in Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations § 270 is notoriously difficult to interpret; ironically, in one sense, because it is supposed to clarify by concrete analogy Wittgenstein's abstract remarks about the impossibility of private language. There is no standard interpretation of the manometer passage,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=116http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=115I argue for four modestly verificationist theses about certain concepts crucial in this area, such as "period" and "instant", and that in consequence of these theses the only coherent account which can be given of the Universe having/not having a beginning is in terms of its existence being preceded by/not preceded by a period...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=115http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=114I show that the assumption of a power or force which connects cause and effect is an essential characteristic of our concept of cause. I present the criteria of the Agency Theory of Causality which I appreciate as correct. I show why this theory assumes the idea of force connecting cause and effect, and I propose that the idea originates in the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=114http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=113Wittgenstein does not deny private objects; he denies them a role in our language. They are not a something, but not a nothing either. The role they play in language could be just as well done by a nothing as a something. Nor are the things we talk about connected in a contingent manner with language, such that beyond the limits of language there...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=113http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=112What can you infer from observations about your own location in the world? How should you distribute your credence when you are uncertain about which location is yours? This paper uses a series of thought experiment to explore three alternative models for how to reason about when self-locating belief is involved. Each of these models yields...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=112http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=111Although the phrase "unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics" is widely used, it is not clear what it means. I consider the different views on the nature of mathematics, the diversity of which points to the difficulty in understanding what mathematics really is, a difficulty which adds to the mysteriousness of the applicability of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=111http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=110The controversy between those who think mathematics is discovered and those who think it is invented may run and run, like many perennial problems of philosophy. Controversies such as those between idealists and realists, and between dogmatists and skeptics, have already lasted more than two and a half thousand years. I do not expect to be able...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=110http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=109The "new Wittgenstein" coalesces around a series of common interpretive protocols: Wittgenstein is not advancing theories in metaphysics but employing a therapeutic method; he is helping us to work free of the confusions that become evident when we begin to philosophize; at the same time, Wittgenstein is disabusing us of the notion...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=109http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=108According to Fujiwara et al., reflecting recent economic developments in Japan, interest in how monetary policy should be conducted under low inflation. McCauley remarks that the central banks of Malaysia and Thailand have two main monetary policy goals: low inflation and stable exchange rates. Camen reasons that countries can only pursue two of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=108http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=107Das argues for reforms in India's public accounting practice: in re- cent years there has been a growing demand that the government should be fully accountable for the resources entrusted to its care. Ding et al. assert that although accounting standards are important determinants of financial reporting quality, they differ across countries....http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=107http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=106Ito asserts that the actions and decisions of the Bank of Japan have become a focus of policy debate in Japan. Goodfriend and Prasad say that China's rising prominence in the world economy has meant that the efficacy of its macroeconomic management has taken on considerable importance. Mariano and Villanueva write that inflation forecast...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=106http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=105Danto contends that a great many, if not all the laws which are elements of explanations in history cover classes of instances which are both open and non-homogeneous. Kroeber states that in the history of continuity and change, revolutionary episodes have an important niche: historians and social scientists have contributed strongly by...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=105http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=104The field of journalism is much more dependent on the external forces than any other field of cultural production (Bourdieu). The new electronic cultural spaces are created by and serve global cultural corporations (Morley and Robins). Television is an instrument of simplicity in a world of complexity (Gergen). Feedback in the converged world of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=104http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=103Hobart argues that it is forms of popular culture and mass media which occupy most peoples' time and attention in many parts of the world. Kelly writes that the media is far more interested in tactics than covering policy because it's easier for journalists. Ettema and Glaser hold that investigative journalists are not the guardians of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=103http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=102Meadows views journalism as part of the broader process of making culture: journalism practices should be seen as anything but self-justifying (they must be contingent on the social consequences they provoke in the formation of democracy). Randall claims that the distinguishing feature of investigative reporting is original research. Schudson...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=102http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=101Mellish claims that the Transylvanian Calusari is only found in its old form in the Banat mountains and Hunedoara county (it is performed between Christmas and the New Year, and is known by the name Calutul or Calusarul). Giurchescu writes that the calusari wear a special costume consisting of a white embroidered shirt, white trousers tucked into...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=101http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=100In Mozart's Fantasy in C minor, K. 475, Sigerson notes, the Lydian interval represents the minimum action required to move into the domain of multiply-connected, polyphonic vocal registration. Pechenuk argues that Mozart concentrated in his Ave verum all the momentous discoveries he had made over the preceding decade. Libin says that Mozart,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=100http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=99Zlateva contends that the free rhythm of the doinas (parlando) and their movement (rubato), correspond somewhat to singing according to the taste of the performer who, in singing, lengthens or shortens the notes, speeding or slowing down the performance according to individual artistic mastery. Giurchescu reasons that Calus is a protection,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=99http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=98Baudrillard maintains that simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. Baudrillard writes that the hypothesis of objective reality exerts such a hold on our minds only because it is by far the easiest solution. Baudrillard says that we are all gamblers and that what we desire most intensely is that the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=98http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=97According to MacKenzie and Wicker, game theory is a set of tools developed to model interactions between agents with conflicting interests. Mahajan et al. apply techniques from game theory to help formulate and analyze solutions to two systems problems: discouraging selfishness in multi-hop wireless networks and enabling cooperation among ISPs in...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=97http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=96Compositional canons tend to place the most important thing/ character in the focal point and, probably, the center of a painting would be such a position. A basic device the discourse about art deals with is the formal analysis, viewed both as a genre with its own purposes and structure, and as a discoursal strategy serving to achieving other...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=96http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=95Dummett contends that he wants to arrive at a model of the proper form of a theory of meaning in which our understanding of our language consists. Dummett asserts that the whole difficulty arises from the principle that the reference of an expression must be determined from its sense alone. Dummett remarks that according to a holistic view of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=95http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=94Stapp contends that a core issue for both Whiteheadian process and quantum process is the emergence of the discrete from the continuous. The Whiteheadian approach, according to Malin, is uniquely appropriate as a metaphysical system that can encompass the findings of quantum physics. The continuity of nature is due to events, and the atomicity in...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=94http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=93Davidson claims that nothing can count as a reason for holding a belief except another belief. Gluer argues that Davidson shifts the focus of attention from the concept of a language to that of communication by language. Davidson suggests that the existence of lawlike statements in physical science depends upon the existence of constitutive laws...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=93http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=92McDowell contends that in experience one finds oneself saddled with content. One's epistemic standing on some question cannot intelligibly be constituted by matters blankly external to how it is with one subjectively. Silverberg argues that McDowell is not a substance dualist who claims that the realm of reason belongs to a non-physical part...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=92http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=91Baudrillard states that the violence of globalization involves architecture (the violence protest against it involves the destruction of that architecture). According to Baudrillard, what science senses now is a possible reversibility of physical laws, not some ultra-formula or meta-equation of the universe. Baudrillard holds that the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=91http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=90An analysis of traditional mathematical proof is undertaken, with an implicit contrast to formal derivations. The semantic interpretation of mathematical terms plays a role in the former that doesn't appear in the latter. This semantic interpretation, with an accompanying role for intuition, is explained in terms of inference packages, which...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=90http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=89Ontological reduction is by no means trivial, but a significant project in contemporary philosophy of mind. If reductionism is to succeed, it must meet a substantive burden of proof to show that psychological phenomena are reducible in the sense of being nothing but or fully satisfactorily explainable in terms of purely nonmental,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=89http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=88One of the main difficulties of the free will issue is to understand what contributions are supposed to come, respectively, from philosophy intended as a practice that essentially involves conceptual analysis) and from empirical investigation. In principle, three options are open when one reflects on what roles these two fields can play in the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=88http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=87The incorporation thesis claims that moral standards turn into law simply because of their incorporation. It seems to lack the resources to distinguish between law directing us and the courts to follow some foreign law, or to obey the rules of some associations, etc., and the incorporation of morality. In fact it has a special difficulty with the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=87http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=86This paper introduces the concept of a "singleton" and suggests that this concept is useful for formulating and analyzing possible scenarios for the future of humanity. Singletons could be good, bad, or neutral. One reason for favoring the development of a singleton (of a good type) is that it would solve certain fundamental...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=86http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=85I seek in this essay to show that - other things being equal - the simplest hypothesis proposed as an explanation of phenomena is more likely to be the true one than is any other available hypothesis, that its predictions are more likely to be true than are those of any other available hypothesis, and that it is an ultimate a priori epistemic...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=85http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=84Raising interest rates modestly as asset prices rise above what are estimated to be warranted levels can reduce the effects of asset-price bubbles on output and inflation, thereby enhancing macroeconomic stability. A bank's asset portofolio consisting of loans to nonbanks, interbank loans, traded securities, and many other items is funded by...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=84http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=83Held remarks that it is easy to mistake an account of the globalization of communications with an account of the globalization of culture. According to Tomlinson, the idea of deterritorialization grasps the way in which events outside of our immediate localities are increasingly consequential for our experience. Buzan thinks it would be a mistake...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=83http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=82Thirkell-White depicts an international organization created, defined and experiencing its formative years in an era quite different from the current; it is struggling to make sense of its formal mandate in the context of an increasingly politicized and diverse development agenda, brought about by normative and material shifts in its institutional...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=82http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=81Hetcher writes that norms are best conceived as patterns of behaviour instantiated in a group, and distinguishes between three kinds of norms: sanction-driven, coordination, and epistemic norms. Raz maps the structure of agents' practical reason thinking of norms as one of the elements of an agent's practical reason that guides the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=81http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=80Dworkin argues that political and legal concepts have a deep structure that determines what these terms really mean. Dworkin identifies legal understanding with judicial methods of rational reconstruction, explaining the internal experience of judging and revealing the ideals that lie behind judicial practice. There is an inevitable evaluation or...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=80http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=79The driving force is the moral feeling and it is rooted in reason (it logically depends on the recognition and acceptance of moral requirements). Moral requirements represent actions that realize moral ends the value of which does not depend on whether a specific individual appreciates and desires it. Our ordinary conception of responsibility has...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=79http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=78A complete legal theory does not merely identify the rules of a legal system, but also interprets and evaluates them. Hart distinguishes the "external" from the "internal" points of view with regard to how the rules of a legal system may be described or evaluated. Dworkin asserts that the law is coherent to the extent that it...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=78http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=77Broome compares the values of distribution of well-being for different groups of the same size and then groups of different sizes. Lafort's thinking about modern democracy is not a rehearsal of abstract ideas but rather an attempt to evoke an experience of democracy (Flynn). In applying Rawls' principles of justice there are two...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=77http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=76Soper derives moral requirements on legal validity from a theory of the nature of law. Dworhin holds if we look closely at courts' reasoning, we will often find them relying on moral judgment; the law is nothing more or less than any valid reason for a court's decision (morality is part of the law). Within ethics, Kant draws a...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=76http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=75Foucault objects to the reduction of power to "the force of the negative", as evidenced in the figure of the king, in explicit displays of force and violence, and in the prohibitive structure of laws and taboos. Foucault does not believe a subject of morality exists prior to the practices are what create moral subjectivity. The social...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=75http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=74Compositional canons tend to place the most important thing/ character in the focal point and, probably, the center of a painting would be such a position. A basic device the discourse about art deals with is the formal analysis, viewed both as a genre with its own purposes and structure, and as a discoursal strategy serving to achieving other...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=74http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=73Quine claims that sentential meaning is indeterminate (there is nothing determinate in the meaning of the original sentence for the translations to approximate to). Translation should match sentences with approximately identical stimulus meanings. Even if we adopt a fully realistic attitude towards our theories in physics, linguistic theory is...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=73http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=72Frege notes that in the case of a concept we can call the unsaturatedness its predictive nature. Quine writes that we can simplify grammar and logic by minimizing the number of our grammatical categories and ma-ximizing their size. Davidson follows Quine in refusing to accept a distinction between statements that are true in virtue of their...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=72http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=71Stravinsky sees himself as fully separated from the past, studying it not to continue it but to borrow from it piecemeal for his own purposes. A musical style is a body of musical products that share certain auditory features in common (Elliott). Schönberg views atonal composition as an inevitable development of western musical practices. Cage...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=71http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=70Foucault sketches three kinds of human relationships and links each to a prominent ethical school in the Greco-Roman world. Foucault is concerned with forging a new approach to historical analysis but not with the meta-question of how to understand and justify this approach philosophically. Foucault defines the conditions for the reality of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=70http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=69Kant's apperceptive relation of representations to the identity of the subject is the representationalist equivalent of the idea of the "unity of the proposition". Kant identifies the a priori as his primary concern in the Critiques, and seems in general unconcerned by skepticism about empirical knowledge. Kant's assertion that...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=69http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=68For Frege, facts are simply true thoughts, and their role in the service of a correspondence theory as grounders of truth is rejected. One cannot require that everything shall be defined, any more than one can require that a chemist shall decompose every substance. The question why and with what right we acknowledge a law of logic to be true,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=68http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=67Krishna remarks that man's consciousness itself will be seen as infected with a logical ambiguity rendering it ontologically unintelligible, if "reality" and "truth" are conceived in traditional terms. Kekes rejects the coherence model which posits the self as creating a coherent image of itself as part of its existential...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=67http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=66Wittgenstein moves away from depictions of our relation of the world as one of confinement, rejecting the idea that we must get over to the world from a purely subjective starting point. Wittgenstein observes that it makes no sense, with appropriate explanation, to speak of the component shapes as simples or parts or wholes. Wittgenstein observes...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=66http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=65Collingwood views the world of natural science in terms of the search for generalizations and causal explanations, but take history to be concerned with particulars rather than universals. Collingwood attempted to integrate and understand human experience and knowledge, and to bring together history and philosophy in such a way that both would be...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=65http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=64Although causation may be an inappropriate concept to use in describing the influence that one musical event is perceived to have on another, the notion of implication is intuitively apposite. Viadana argues that confronted with the text of a piece of music, the performer will engage in a brief preliminary assessment, in order to get a rough sense...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=64http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=63According to Montherlant and Sartre, the character trait terms that we use to describe ourselves and other people should not be understood to designate properties that determine behaviour in given situations. A person's essence includes character traits incline that person towards certain types of behaviour but do not determine that...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=63http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=62Transhumanism is entering the mainstream culture today, as increasing numbers of scientists, scientifically literate philosophers, and social thinkers are beginning to take seriously the range of possibilities that transhumanism encompasses. The Transhumanist FAQ was conceived as an attempt to develop a broadly based consensus articulation of the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=62http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=61Descriptions have been the object of attention of many philosophers. The goal of this article is to inquire into the meaning of those descriptions which, due to the peculiar character of the objects of description, have been interpreted in different ways, and to investigate in which sense one is able to speak of the existence (or non-existence) of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=61http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=60An analysis of traditional mathematical proof is undertaken, with an implicit contrast to formal derivations. The semantic interpretation of mathematical terms plays a role in the former that doesn't appear in the latter. This semantic interpretation - with an accompanying role for intuition - is explained in terms of inference packages,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=60http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=59I argue that the denial of necessary connections between law and morality cannot be sustained, and I contend that many of the claims of specific necessary connections between law and morality made by legal theorists are mistaken. While these are necessary connections between morality and how the law is, the more significant necessary connections...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=59http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=58I criticize all four of Lewis's objections to a Meinongian theory of fiction, suggesting that they can be answered or refuted, thereby blunting Lewis's charge that a Meinongian semantics is at a theoretical disadvantage in comparison with his modal story-contexting. Lewis-style modal story-contexting, moreover, is not incompatible with a...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=58http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=57An explanation in terms of the agency of God has the unique property of being such that if it is true, it cannot itself be explained further. There could not be a more ultimate cause of the existence of an everlasting omnipotent being; for if there is such a being any causes can operate only because he allows them to operate, and so the power of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=57http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=56In this paper I argue that David Chalmers' argument against John Searle concerning the sorts of physical systems in which consciousness can emerge is a new version of an old objection-one that has already been convincingly responded to by Searle-namely, the "brain-simulator" objection. Moreover, I believe Chalmers' argument,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=56http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=55This paper outlines the case for believing that we will have superhuman artificial intelligence within the first third of the next century. It looks at different estimates of the processing power of the human brain; how long it will take until computer hardware achieve a similar performance; ways of creating the software through bottom-up...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=55http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=54Globalization offers a simple and immediate possible explanation for prominent stylized facts regarding the skill premium and the presence of skill-biased technical change. Exogenous capital inflow decreases labour supply and increases welfare only if the elasticity of substitution between leisure and the final good is equal to or less than unity....http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=54http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=53Marx notes that in real economic life prices vary in a systematic way from values. Marx's assertion that only labour can create surplus value is unsupported by any argument or analysis, and can be argued to be merely an artifact of the nature of his presentation. Although Marx's economic analysis is based on the discredited labour theory of value,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=53http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=52Marx depicts the worker under capitalism as suffering from four types of alienated labour: i) from the product, which as soon as it is created is taken away from its producer; ii) in productive activity (work) which is experienced as a torment; iii) from species-being, for humans produce blindly and not in accordance with their truly human powers;...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=52http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=51Market share turbulence among top dealers is a form of competition that narrows bid-ask spreads, especially for stocks with less competitive market structure. Once the default-related variables are controlled for, bond betas or sensitivities to aggregate equity market risks have very limited explanatory power. The uncertainty induced by investors'...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=51http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=50Marx's economic analysis of capitalism is based on his version of the labour theory of value, and includes the analysis of capitalist profit as the extraction of surplus value from the exploited proletariat. The analysis of history and economics come together in Marx's prediction of the inevitable breakdown of capitalism for economic reasons, to...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=50http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=49Marx argues that capitalism is distinctive in that it involves not merely the exchange of commodities, but the advancement of capital, in the form of money, with the purpose of generating profit through the purchase of commodities and their transformation into other commodities which can command a higher price, and thus yield a profit. In Marx's...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=49http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=48The technological production structure of the firms is reflected in the properties of the shares traded in the stock market. Agents are heterogeneous in their financial choices, potentially discriminating against the firms producing a negative externality. Capitalism is subject to a growth imperative, because uncertainty about the future makes it...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=48http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=47Banks in countries with stricter regulation have a lower charter value, which increases their incentives to follow risky policies. Larger banks appear to have the advantage in credit card lending, a market characterized by impersonal relationships and standardized loans. Real financial data tend to exhibit extreme price changes such as stock...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=47http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=46An increasingly common outcome of large-scale bank privatization programs is foreign ownership of many nations' banking sector, which evidence suggests is usually positive in an economic sense, but problematic politically. There is little in the empirical record to suggest that privatization alone transforms the efficiency of divested banks,...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=46http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=45Rawls's general conception of justice holds that the basic structure of society should be arranged so as to maximize the long-run expectation of primary goods for the group of members of society that is worst off in this respect. The adherents of strict equality started a search for some complex measure of goods that would be given to everybody in...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=45http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=44The nature of law itself precludes humane, individualized decisions: ideal law is based on the logical derivation and procedurally correct application of legal principles, devoid of subjectivity and emotion. The fact that people are less willing to trust poitical and legal authorities than in the past results in negative consequences. Procedural...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=44http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=43Every individual starting a life should get a right to use equal amount of natural resources as everybody else. What an individual makes of these resources afterwards depends on his personal characteristics, whatever they are, and bears full responsibility for this. Left Libertarianism wants to exclude impact of received social position of an...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=43http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=42The critical legal studies movement views law as inherently an instrument of oppression that is used to legitimate the alienating behavior of the ruling class. Psycholegal research has contributed to false consciousness about the degree to which law reduces injustice and promotes social change. The most fundamental assumption in psychological...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=42http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=41Universal jurisdiction was designed to reduce impunity for most serious crimes that are of international concern. Members of the international community share common goals and fundamental values that shape an international ordre public. Amnesties and pardons in favor of persons who have committed international crimes are generally contrary to...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=41http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=40If the details of a performance are worked out according to historical practices, the character and emotional meaning of the piece will automatically come out. Mozart's understanding of the human voice is evident in his operatic style which is reflected in many of his keyboard works. Sch"nberg's music shunned totalizing structures and...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=40http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=39Husserl claims the possibility of a universal neutrality modification affecting every positing act. Bolzano uses "existence" and "being" synonymously with "actuality", and accordingly says of non-actual objects that they do not exist, but that they merely are. Heidegger writes that Dasein can, in principle, become its authentic self. Dasein can...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=39http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=38Quine presents the indeterminacy thesis and the inscrutability-of-reference thesis not as part of a greater reductio but as theses that he outright endorses. If we reflect carefully on the use of language, we will realize that it is not sufficiently rich as to guarantee anything like uniqueness of translation. Quine makes the observability of...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=38http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=37Quine treats logical truths as very high-level generalizations and notes that the point of the truth idiom is blind truth ascription. Quine denies that there is an interesting or useful bifurcation into very general sorts of points that apply to analytic sentences and very general sorts of points that apply to synthetic sentences. Quine rejects...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=37http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=36Music cannot represent things in the way painting can; when music attempts to depict sounds, it becomes what it is depicting, by virtue of being a sound itself. Even if music can represent things in some way, the representational element is irrelevant to the appreciation of the work. All tonal music, regardless of its expressive content, builds on...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=36http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=35Stories about aging have traditionally focused on the need for graceful accommodation. The recommended solution to diminishing vigor and impending death was resignation coupled with an effort to achieve closure in practical affairs and personal relationships. Given that nothing could be done to prevent or retard aging, this focus made sense....http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=35http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=34The Bundle Theory neither entails nor is committed to (PII); not only is the Bundle Theory compatible with the falsity of (PII), it can be used to refute (PII). The version of the Bundle Theory here developed does not identify particulars with bundles of universals. But it is faithful to the spirit motivating it since, unlike the Substratum...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=34http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=33Although metaphysical realism affords objective kinds, it cannot afford an objectivist solution to the grue paradox. Since a subjectivist solution to the grue paradox has such powerful non-realist consequences, a MRist may well wish to avoid those consequences (one must afford an objective distinction between the inductively appropriate properties...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=33http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=32An analysis should not be regarded as simply trying to capture our pre-existing conceptions, although our ordinary understanding does act as a constraint. The aim of analysis is to extend or refine rather than replace our ordinary conceptions, for particular purposes. What makes an analysis a good one is its success, as part of some overall...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=32http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=31We obtain a better definition of the natural number after considering a more elementary case where the language of Set Theory is insufficient to complete an important definition. That set-theoretic language is far removed from the ordinary language of number of things, and even sets of them. The very possibility of there being a number of Ss is...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=31http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=30According to reductionism about persons, there are no souls or Cartesian Egos, and our existence consists in the existence of a body and a related sequence of mental events. According to reductionism about reasons, there are no irreducibly normative truths, and when we have some reason for acting, that fact consists in some fact about our...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=30http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=29There are two distinct clear analytic/synthetic distinctions. The class of "analytic" truths, at any rate as the term has been used in this century, has been supposed to be the class of those which were necessary for reasons of logic in a wide sense. There seems no need to restrict the term to a proper sub-class of that class. Neither of our two...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=29http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=28This paper distinguishes two common fears about the posthuman and argues for the importance of a concept of dignity that is inclusive enough to also apply to many possible posthuman beings. Recognizing the possibility of posthuman dignity undercuts an important objection against human enhance- ment and removes a distortive double standard from our...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=28http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=27The Second Philosopher has various methods of finding out about the world, beginning with observation, and as she builds and tests and modifies her theories, she also studies, tests and refines those methods themselves. She has seen, in her day, implementations of various bad procedures for finding out about the world, like astrology and...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=27http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=26Ayala reviews our knowledge of human evolution and points out that we are "unique" in a fundamental way; most notably we have "culture," a distinctive form of heredity that supports cultural evolution, a mode of adaptation to the environment much more effective than the biological mode. Whether there may be intelligent beings elsewhere in the...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=26http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=25Chomsky's tacit competence is supposed to be knowledge of the particular rules of the grammar. Chomsky identifies a theory of language learning with the construction of a language "acquisition model". A linguistic-acquisition model must duplicate language-learning behavior.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=25http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=24Cicero's views of the specific rights or iura deriving from natural justice can be dealt with under three headings: personal, social, and political. Cicero's views on private property and the role of the state in the distribution of wealth are uncompromising and characteristic of conservative republican sentiment.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=24http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=23Although discourse about justice is often influenced by models of law, the ethics of justice is a subject in itself. To treat persons unequally with respect to distribution of important benefits and burdens, in the absence of a justification, is a paradigm of injustice.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=23http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=22The mature development of a piano student's ability to realize aesthetic value in the music they study is a vital aspect of piano instruction. A good performance involves more than pushing down the right keys at the right moment. The performer has become less knowledgeable in some respects.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=22http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=21The advanced capitalist world has pushed through a series of changes in international economic laws, which lay the legal foundation for capital accumulation in the era of globalization by prescribing uniform global standards. Underpinning the emerging global state is a web of sub-national authorities and spaces that represent its decentralized...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=21http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=20The contrast between being (in the sense of existence) and essence is itself an ancient one, rooted in the distinction between accidental and essential properties. There is an ontic duality that cannot be confused with the ontological one and which allows for transcendence and immanence to come together.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=20http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=19The will is practical reason, and therefore a genuine moral judgment, which represents a deliverance of practical reason, must be motivating. Virtue signifies a moral strength of will. The experienced sense of doing duty is clearest when one is acting against inclination, though we need not take it to occur only then.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=19http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=18Compositional canons tend to place the most important thing/character in the focal point and, probably, the center of a painting would be such a position. A basic device the discourse about art deals with is the formal analysis, viewed both as a genre with its own purposes and structure, and as a discoursal strategy serving to achieving other...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=18http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=17By a generative grammar Chomsky means a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences. Deep structures are generated by the base rule of the syntactic component. http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=17http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=16Rights-based theories are more concerned with the recognition and formulation of the rule of law as a form of political morality. A state could be responsible for the acts of individuals it employs as its agents without there being the need of fault on behalf of the ruler himself.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=16http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=15Kant stresses both self-legislation and self-government as essential to autonomy, in addition to its foundational role in endowing persons with dignity. Knowledge of moral generalizations is prior to knowledge of specific moral judgments, for example the judgment that a given sentence is unjust.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=15http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=14In Rousseau's view, the sources of corruption lie in the individual's own make-up, but tend to be deepened and consolidated by social processes or envious competition and desire for precedence. However, it is possible to envisage a different basis for human society and hence a different destiny for men.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=14http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=13The WTO agreements are enforced through a compulsory dispute settlement mechanism backed by an effective system of sanctions. Within national polities, the WTO does not restrict debate on trade questions such as whether a new round should be launched. The WTO needs to rely on cosmopolitical constituencies for guidance and support.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=13http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=12Even if we had access to objects in a Platonic third world, and had a mapping of terms and sentences onto these objects, that would do nothing for us unless those objects were already signs which had intrinsic meaning; the same would go for a picture in the world of physical or mental representations.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=12http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=11The body in the world is the example that illustrates that between the visible and the invisible the relation is one of "embrace". There is no thetic thought, but only a particular thickness that defines flesh. In the body-world relation, good dialectic, as permanent annulment of its own position, is present. http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=11http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=10Chomsky develops a theory of linguistics as a discipline of natural sciences or physical sciences, which are empirically based. In syntax the basic data admitted by Chomsky include pretheoretical facts about what is and what is not a sentence in the given language.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=10http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=9The central principle of linguistic philosophy is that the traditional problems of philosophy are not genuine problems at all but confusions generated by misunderstandings about language or by the misuse of it. The findings of psycholinguistics strongly support the claim that grammatical information is not merely an artefact of theory but is...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=9http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=8We obtain a better definition of the natural numbers after considering a more elementary case where the language of Set Theory is insufficient to complete an important definition. That set-theoretic language is far removed from the ordinary language of number of things, and even sets of them. The very possibility of there being a number of Ss is...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=8http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=7The author attempts to clear up some of the misunderstandings, to provide a satisfactory formulation of the thesis of indeterminacy of translation in non-naturalistic terms, to demonstrate how a naturalistic substitute can be derived from this formulation, to refute the best known arguments for and against the thesis, and to show how it relates to...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=7http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=6The central problem concerning aesthetic value is that it is not merely in the eye of the beholder, while yet it seems to require the eye of the beholder in order to exist. The traditional way of marking out aesthetic value from truth, goodness, or utility is to provide an account of beauty.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=6http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=5Reality is constituted of particulars, whether substances or events, with the properties that characterize them and the relations that interrelate them. The natural order consists of material particles in various configurations, moving and reconfiguring in accordance with physical law.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=5http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=4The search for wisdom philo-sophia requires a uniquely extensive preparation and is the proximal goal of education. Philosophy is thus not a part of education, but its first end-purpose. For the philosopher, to know is to experience via the activity of the nous.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=4http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=3The confirmationist principle is false because there are factually meaningful statements which are neither observation-statements nor (dis)confirmable by observation statements. Even if the principle were true, it would not be of great value in sorting out factually meaningful statements from others.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=3http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=2We should not expect simplicity at both the factual and explanatory levels. If there is no Selector, we should not expect that there would also be no Universe.http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=2http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=1The difficulty with syntactic liars is that there would seem to be very good reason to identify the thing said which is true with the thing said which is false. Natural language does allow consistent semantic closure, once we investigate indirect speech further, and so see that there can be no general 1-1 correspondence between speech and...http://denbridgepress.com/lpi_abstract.php?a=1